Symptoms of Curare. Diagnostic studies for Curare. Treatment of Curare. CME Programs on Curare. Curare en Espanol. Curare en Francais. Curare in the Marketplace.
Patents on Curare. List of terms related to Curare. This page is about the plant toxins. For the DC Comics character, see Curare. Curare is not to be confused with Curara. Curare is a common name for various dart poisons arrow poisons originating from South America.
The three main types, or families of curare are:. Of these three families, some formulas belonging to the calebas curare are the most toxic, relative to their LD 50 values. It is possible that the poison he described was not curare at all. In , Alexander von Humboldt gave the first western account of how the toxin was prepared from plants by Orinoco River natives.
In Charles Waterton who gained fame by riding a captured alligator described a classical experiment in which he kept a curarized she-ass alive by artificial ventilation with a bellows through a tracheostomy. George Harley showed in that curare wourali was effective for the treatment of tetanus and strychnine poisoning. In Henry Hallett Dale described the physiological actions of acetylcholine.
The most known and historically important toxin because of its medical applications is d- tubocurarine. He also established its chemical structure. Curares are active i. It is harmless if taken orally [12] [13] because curare compounds are too large and too highly charged to pass through the lining of the digestive tract to get absorbed into the blood. This is crucial, because the native tribes use curares mainly for hunting purposes, thus the curare-poisoned prey must remain safe to eat.
In medicine, curare has been superseded by a number of curare-like agents pancuronium, an alkaloid-like substance with steroidal skeleton in its molecule , that have a similar pharmacodynamic profile but with fewer side effects.
Curare has also been used historically as a paralyzing poison by South American indigenous people. The prey is killed by asphyxiation as the respiratory muscles are unable to contract resulting in apnea. Access through your institution. Add or change institution. Save Preferences. Privacy Policy Terms of Use. Access your subscriptions. Free access to newly published articles. Purchase access. Rent article Rent this article from DeepDyve. A country with an h-index of x has published x papers each being cited in other papers at least x times [14].
This index reflects both the number and the impact of publications making it particularly suitable as a bibliometric scale for the qualitative analysis of scientific research [15].
While based on conventional geographic maps, a DEMP displays countries or continent size proportional to a certain attribute, e. Using this procedure, complex data can be visualized in a very accessible and plausible way. Ultimately the diffusion-based DEMP is the representation of country sizes by a given factor as distorted geographical map [13] , [16]. Countries which more than five international collaborations were illustrated by a beam diagram, the width of the beams is proportional to the volume of cooperation.
A journal analysis was performed similar to the author analysis. We identified the journals with the highest numbers of articles and citation rates and showed the number of citations per article for the top The citation rate was used as a qualitative marker comparable to the well known impact factor IF , which corresponds to a journal's citation rate of the last two years.
The original WoS content categories subject areas , which include articles regarding curare, were analyzed in decade periods to illustrate time shifts from to present. The shift of language use from up to now was illustrated analogously to the subject areas. Overall, 3, articles regarding curare are found in WoS.
The development of the number of publications per year since is illustrated in Fig. From to the publication rate remains low at about 12 articles per year. This value rises significantly in and peaks with 47 articles in coinciding with the clinical use of curare as muscle relaxant.
Between and the publication rate decreases again to appr. Since it rises again with one peak in , and one in to Until curare articles were rarely cited. Since then, citations increased constantly, with the first peak in citations.
The number of citations per year reached its maximum in citations and decreased continuously afterwards. The number of citations closely followed the number of publications. The number of publications for each country is illustrated in Fig. The USA has the highest scientific output worldwide with articles followed by the United Kingdom articles , Germany articles , Canada , France articles , the Netherlands articles and Japan articles.
The ranking of the number of publications using the h-index changes this order Fig. Whereas the USA is leading with an h-index of 62 followed by the UK 45 , Netherlands achieved an h-index of 34, Canada 32 and France 31 following closely.
Overall, North America and Europe are the most prolific and the most influential countries in curare research. The percentage of articles originating from international collaborations of at least two countries increased continuously Fig. The collaborations are visualized by a beam diagram in Fig.
The USA 91 studies with international collaborations in general has the most collaborative articles overall, but the Netherlands 54 has more different collaboration partners. USA and Germany 45 share the strongest partnership with 18 articles. Strongly internationally cooperating countries also are the United Kingdom 41 , Canada 24 and Sweden The 15 journals with the largest number of articles on curare and its derivatives are shown in Fig.
The citation rate Fig. The content categories subject areas have connotatively changed over the decades Fig. The development of the article languages is illustrated analogously to the subject areas Fig.
Until the dominating languages were French and German. Afterwards English became the most relevant language for scientific research. This study evaluates and illustrates the scientific research of curare and its derivates from to Methods and techniques which have been developed for the NewQis-Project [11] also are tested for their suitability regarding historical examinations.
Some bibliometric parameters of curare research are identical to other topics [17] , [18] , i. Increasing publication output may be ascribed to modern technologies as the Internet, which provides additional scientific databases, publishing scientific results and accessing many different journals and publications has become much easier.
It also has to be noted that monetary incentives often support a high publication output. Consequently, the numbers of articles rises listed in the global databases. This analysis on curare exemplifies some additional features, which are exclusive for the research on curare.
For example, the first two peaks of publications per year Fig. The first peak around is three years after the first clinical use of a curare derivate as muscle-relaxant during an operation.
The second specific rise in articles is appr. These events illustrate the reaction of medical research to new developments. In addition, the number of articles since decreased to 40 - 60 articles per year, a comparatively low level corresponding to the output of the s, and is a rare development in medical research, compared to other expanding medical fields e.
It can be assumed that the clinical use refocused to other muscle relaxants like depolarizing agents. Curare and its derivates are the oldest muscle relaxants in use, so the strong interest in these substances seems to vane slightly.
The distribution of curare research between countries is completely unequal Fig. The number of published articles as a quantitative parameter and the modified country-specific h-index as a qualitative parameter indicate that North America, i. USA and Canada, has the strongest qualitative and quantitative impact on the knowledge of curare. The second major area of research is Europe in general. The large difference between North America and Europe, as well as the rest of the world, disappears slightly when looking at the h-index as a quality parameter.
The h-index flattens the distortion in quantity number of articles. The focus of the research towards curare has changed dramatically since Fig. It can easily be seen that the early publications on curare deal with its physiologic effect on animals or humans. Later, the major focus is research in the use of curare as muscle relaxant in anesthesia.
Contemporary research focuses on curare as a drug. This may explain the dominance of the Western world North America, Europe and Australia , in which large pharmaceutical companies strongly support drug research.
This study began with the question whether the success of decrypting the mysterious jungle poison and the development of potent muscle relaxants can be ascribed to a single person like Humboldt or his friend Bonpland or to a group effort. It seems that individual persons have given important impulses, e.
Harold Griffith who was the first surgeon using a curare derivate during an operation, but the biggest contributions to our knowledge are ascribed to larger groups in international collaborations between scientists. These collaborations seem to become ever more productive over the last few decades Fig.
It has to be assumed that international collaborations will even be extended in the future with the Netherlands as an example. They have a relative low output level of high quality publications as seen by its h-index. It can be assumed that this effect is due to the large number of collaborations as well as the high percentage of collaborative articles see Fig. It may be stated that internationally collaborating countries, institutes or scientists promote their scientific impact by all partners and therefore improve their output rate including financial aspects, too.
Thus the cooperation of scientists from different countries strengthened curare research as indicated by the increasing number of collaborative articles and the high article quality represented by a high modified h-index.
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