Diagnostic tests for NTDs include:. For example:. Get expert tips and resources from March of Dimes and CDC to increase your chance of having a healthy, fully-term pregnancy and baby. March of Dimes leads the fight for the health of all moms and babies.
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Thank you! Your e-mail was sent. Save to my dashboard Sign in or Sign up to save this page. Saving Just a moment, please. You've saved this page It's been added to your dashboard. In This Topic. Folic acid helps prevent NTDs only if you take it before and in the first weeks of pregnancy. What are neural tube defects? What causes NTDs? Are you at risk for having a baby with an NTD? To find out about your risk for NTDs, talk to a genetic counselor. This means you have a family history of NTDs.
Fill it out and share it with your health care provider or genetic counselor. For further information, see www. Vitamins for children are also available through the scheme. Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Clinical guideline Learn More. Neural tubes defects NTDs are known to be the second most prevalent congenital disorder worldwide whose risk factors have not been explicitly addressed yet.
To determine the risk factors affecting NTDs among infants who referred to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan, a western province of Iran. This prospective case-control study was conducted in the form of prospective case-control. Sample population included all women 27, cases who referred to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan for either delivery or abortion during and Inclusion criterion was the presence of a known NTD in infants, and exclusion criterion was the reluctance of patients to participate in the study.
Accordingly, 46 cases participated in the study as the case group, and cases three times higher than case group were selected to be the control group. Case and control groups were matched in terms of the number of pregnancies and place of birth.
In the study group, inclusion criteria included all women who had an infant with tube defects that their total number was 46 individuals. In the control group inclusion criteria included mothers with healthy infants who were similar to the study group in terms of birth place and frequency of pregnancy. Before fertilization and during pregnancy, mothers should be examined in terms of exposure to harmful agents, diet, and nutritional status in order to identify possible risk factors and find opportunities to prevent NTDs in infants.
NTDs refers to a group of severe congenital disorders caused by failure in closing the neural tube which mainly occurs during the first 28 days of pregnancy 1 , 2.
These abnormalities cause infants to die in the first year of their lives or in survived cases, have permanent disabilities 3 , 4. Other cases that survive, need various medical supports, including shunts for hydrocephalus, and orthopedic and urologic treatments 5. With age, the survived cases would encounter many problems, such as physical disabilities, bed sores, obesity, and heart diseases 6. The prevalence of NTDs has been reported to be one in a thousand births.
However, the prevalence may differ in a range of 2 to10 in a thousand births from one country to another 7. For example, the prevalence in the northern regions of India has been estimated to be 7. Previous studies in various countries showed that environmental and genetic factors can contribute in the incidence of these disorders such as alcohol consumption, diet and nutritional status, social and economic condition, diseases like diabetes, infant gender, homozygous twins, drug abuse, smoking, passive smoking, and folic acid deficiency 9 — The results of Talebian et al.
Furthermore, there are many risk factors that have not been identified yet Moreover, results of studies in this area are contradictory, however, it is evident that NTDs are multifactorial 20 and other factors such as geo-ecological environment 21 , race, diet, and biologic factors 22 are said to affect NTDs. Until now there is no study in Kurdistan province in this regard.
The identification of these factors can cause an increase in healthy newborns and a reduction in induced abortion. The present prospective case-control study was set to determine some risk factors believed to influence NTDs in Kurdistan during — The sample population consisted of all women 27, cases who presented to obstetrical centers in Kurdistan province for either delivery or abortion.
They were included as the case group if their birth or abortion date was between May and May and had at least one of the NTDs approved by sonography or neonatologist. Accordingly, 46 cases participated in the study as the case group and cases three times higher than the case group were selected to be the control group. Case and control groups were matched in terms of number of pregnancies and place of birth.
The only exclusion criterion was the reluctance of the mother to participate in the study, however, there was no such case. The required information was collected by interviewing the mothers, medical records, and a questionnaire.
The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by the authors. Factors with a probability lower than 0. SPSS version 20 used for performing statistical tests. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and Fisher Exact S and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship between studied factors and incidence of tube defects. Various studied factors included taking a multivitamin, folic acid intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, maternal disease, prenatal care and history of child birth with NTDs.
All cases were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression model at difference levels with a probability value of less than 2. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences. According to the results of the present study, most cases had age ranges of 16—25 years Of cases that had a history of abortion, there was In terms of BMI, most mothers of the case group were in the 25— There was Furthermore Moreover, in the present study, only In addition, Likewise, 6.
Accessed November 20, Influencing clinical practice regarding the use of antiepileptic medications during pregnancy: modeling the potential impact on the prevalences of spina bifida and cleft palate in the United States. American journal of medical genetics Part C, Seminars in medical genetics. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects.
Obstet Gynecol. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
Periconceptional maternal fever, folic acid intake, and the risk for neural tube defects. Annals of epidemiology. Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the CDC website. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.
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