This is why pharmaceutical companies list it on the packet. The researchers found this is true no matter what type of progesterone the combined pill contained for more on the different kinds of pill, check out this article. Other studies that looked at progesterone-only pills similarly have found little evidence of an effect. Maria Gallo, an endocrinologist at Ohio State University who co-authored the review, believes our belief in the pill-weight connection is down to a natural human bias.
People are experts at finding patterns all around us, even where there are none. The phenomenon, known as apophenia, is the reason we may find it easy to compare peppers to politicians , see the faces of Harry Potter villains staring down at us from the clouds, or read too much into past lottery numbers.
In the case of the pill, Gallo points out that the average person puts on just over a pound half a kilo of weight each year for most of their life, starting in early adulthood — which, incidentally, is when most women start using contraception.
His research team put a group of men and women through 10 weeks of resistance training — slow, punishing exercises such as crunches and lifting heavy weights. Then participants were weighed to see if they had more muscle than they started with.
The team also gathered information on various lifestyle factors so that they could make sure any gains were caused by genetics and not, for example, the medications they were on. Eight women open up about the side effects they experienced from the pill. Watch the video below. The average man has 72lbs 33kg of brawn , compared with a measly 46lbs 21kg in women. This includes an important but little-known steroid called DHEA.
The hormone used to be extremely popular with athletes, partly because of its extraordinary muscle-building power, and partly because doping with it was legal until fairly recently. But women produce anabolic hormones too — and the team found that those on the pill had much lower levels of DHEA in their blood. Our study showed, for the first time, that neither the use of estrogen alone nor ten-day monthly use of progestin replacement, independently of its type, during the first year of HRT, has modified any metabolic parameters in TS.
However, we found a significant effect concerning a type of progestin for weight gain when used for a long time. According to Trolle et al. Since TS implies in increased metabolic risk per se 3 , 17 , 18 and increasing age aggravates the risk for metabolic comorbidities 19 , revisiting the long-term HRT with estrogen and progestin, mimicking the female physiological pattern the from pharmacological puberty induction until the age of menopause 2 , it is of great importance to look for a safer sex steroid treatment for them.
Considering that estrogenization can improve the metabolic profile 3 , 17 , 20 , 21 , and it is not related to weight gain independently of the route of administration 1 , 11 , 22 , our cohort was not divided per subtype of used estrogen.
We found no significant weight alteration during estrogen replacement alone. As shown by Baldin et al. All TS patients were euthyroid even though some on levothyroxine replacement, which prevented us from separate them in a different group for thyroid status.
The benefits of TE2 replacement are better than with EE2 or even oral E2, as consolidated by literature 2 , 17 , so we also prefer this subtype and route of E to start puberty with low-dose and gradual increases 1 , 2 , Likewise, when possible, and during follow-up, we changed the oral to transdermal route to decrease thromboembolic and stroke risk 1 , 11 , Skin allergy problems or financial constraints are the reasons for those patients still in use of oral E2.
As far as we know, no published work accessed the cyclical replacement of progestin effect over metabolic parameters, neither in normal nor in the Turner population. The main articles related to this topic address contraception, breast cancer, polycystic ovary syndrome, menopause women or animal models, situations related to daily progestin use, different from the day per month regimen.
TS is an interesting population to be studied concerning HRT effects once they are free from their ovarian hormones due to primary ovarian failure We focused our study on the progestin influence since previous studies showed no difference in metabolic variables with estrogens 1 , As progestin is used in HRT only for an average of 10 days per month but for so many years, it is essential to consider that it may have a cumulative effect on the metabolic health, especially in TS women, since it totalizes a huge P exposure time along with the basal risk for metabolic comorbidities.
To overcome the bias of overlapping P exposure, we have created a standardizing tool SPCD to measure the cumulative exposure to different P. We hypothesized that MPA worsens the metabolic risk of TS women based on its cumulative glucocorticoid activity It is well established in cell cultures that MPA has glucocorticoid properties Besides, in ovariectomized female mice, MPA produced a pro-thrombotic effect Arias-Loza et al.
Otto et al. In humans, MPA effects on weight were studied in the context of contraceptive therapy 27 , Yancey and Raleigh found evidence that progestin-only contraceptives cause weight gain with an increase in fat deposition and decreases in lean mass Regarding P and changing metabolic profile, Ozdemir et al. Moreover, P has different effects on human breast cancer because of its pharmacological ductal growth properties. In our study, we found that the prolonged use of P has an impact on weight gain without worsening blood pressure, lipidic, and glycemic profile.
During the estrogen and long-use of progestin HRT assessment phase 2. Studies assessing LNG and weight gain were all in the field of contraception or menopausal hormone therapy. Modesto et al. Besides, a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating thromboembolism found that combined oral contraceptives containing LNG have less risk for venous thromboembolism 32 , as primarily demonstrated in the Danish cohort study Concerning natural MP, a 3-month study from Casanova and Spritzer did not found that cyclic vaginal MP alter weight or other metabolic variables in the context of menopause period Nevertheless, literature is scarce in MP study related to metabolic parameters, especially in evaluating of TS population.
Although our study was carefully conducted, there were some limitations. Also, the retrospective nature of the study cannot provide a cause-effect relationship and make it difficult to assess the correlation of each P since patients used more than one type of P onwards. We reinforce that the majority of our TS patients had used MPA for some period, and they present an inherent risk for metabolic disorders when compared to the general female population Although, LNG did not impair blood pressure, lipid and glycemic profile, and correlated with less weight gain in our study, further research is needed to indicate a recommendation.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. Gravholt, C. Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the Cincinnati International Turner Syndrome Meeting. Eur J Endocrinol , G1—G70, doi Collett-Solberg, P. Endocrine diseases, perspectives and care in Turner syndrome. Article Google Scholar. Gonzalez, L. The patient with Turner syndrome: puberty and medical management concerns.
Epidemiological, endocrine and metabolic features in Turner syndrome. Hankus, M. Giordano, R. Quantitative liver functions in Turner syndrome with and without hormone replacement therapy. Lichiardopol, C. Hypothyroidism in Turner syndrome. Baldin, A. Growth hormone effect on body composition in Turner syndrome.
Gawlik, A. Klein, K. Article PubMed Google Scholar. Vickery, Z. Weight change at 12 months in users of three progestin-only contraceptive methods. Lopez, L. Progestin-only contraceptives: effects on weight. Schindler, A. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Arias-Loza, P. Medroxyprogesterone acetate but not drospirenone ablates the protective function of 17 beta-estradiol in aldosterone salt-treated rats. Trolle, C.
Clinical care of adult Turner syndrome—new aspects. PubMed Google Scholar. Torres-Santiago, L. Metabolic effects of oral versus transdermal 17beta-estradiol E 2 : a randomized clinical trial in girls with Turner syndrome. Mavinkurve, M. Cardiometabolic and vascular risks in young and adolescent girls with Turner syndrome.
BBA Clin. Lebenthal, Y. Roulot, D. Liver involvement in Turner syndrome. For a minority of people, hormonal birth control likely does cause weight gain.
The implant and the shot may contribute to weight gain in some people. A common belief people have about hormonal birth control is that it will cause weight gain Concern about side effects like weight gain keeps some people from using hormonal birth control 4. People who report gaining weight while using hormonal birth control such as the pill and the shot are more likely to stop using it Unfortunately in some cultures, there is harmful pressure to conform to standards that may not be realistic.
Even scientific measures such as body mass index BMI cannot adequately classify who is healthy or not. As it relates to birth control, some people may fear weight gain, some may desire it, and others may not consider it important at all. Changes in hormone levels during puberty and menopause can impact body composition. Starting from puberty , estrogen causes body fat to be deposited on the chest, thighs, hips and butt 8.
The hormonal changes that occur during and after menopause cause an increase in body fat, particularly around the abdomen 8,9. Some people experience an increase in weight around menopause, but this is believed to be related to aging more so than hormonal changes 8,9.
Hormones also likely impact food intake over the menstrual cycle. Food intake decreases during the follicular phase the first half of the cycle when estrogen is the dominant hormone until ovulation release of an egg from the ovary , then increases during the luteal phase the second half of the cycle when progesterone is dominant 8.
Combined hormonal contraceptives are birth control methods that contain two hormones estrogen and progestin and include most pills, the patch, the ring, and some shots. Progestin-only contraceptives contain just a form of progestin hormone and include the implant, most intrauterine devices IUDs , a shot, and certain pills. There is not enough evidence to say that combined hormonal contraceptives cause weight changes, but if they do, the change in weight is likely small In people using progestin-only contraceptives, most studies do not show an increase in weight or body fat, but some do show a small increase Some people will gain weight on birth control, and some people may be more prone to weight gain than others.
Hormonal contraceptives have a number of uses in addition to protection from unwanted pregnancy. They are also used to treat or reduce symptoms of PCOS , endometriosis , heavy , irregular , or painful periods , and anemia.
Fear of gaining weight may keep someone from starting birth control, or could lead to them using it incorrectly or inconsistently, or could cause them to stop using it altogether. This could leave someone without effective protection from unwanted pregnancy or without treatment for a condition. Talking to a healthcare provider can help you consider the possible risks and benefits of taking hormonal birth control. Even though many people believe birth control causes weight gain, the research is not so clear cut.
Most people gain weight from young adulthood to middle age, with an average weight gain of 0. There are daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal patterns to weight. Two very small studies have shown that people weigh less in the morning than the evening 13, One study showed that weight had a pattern of increasing from Friday to Monday and decreasing from Monday to Friday And adults in the U.
A study of people using birth control pills who were weighed every day for four months, showed that pill users gained about 0.
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